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How Baggage Journey relates to Main Baggage Processes and how Baggage Tasks fit in
What each process classification means in the context of Baggage Journey steps, and how they can be mapped onto an existing organization’s processes and procedures.
What each role represents, and how they can be mapped onto an existing organization’s roles, which are likely to have widely varying titles and responsibilities.
What each baggage message type means, and under what circumstances they should be produced.
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Baggage handling involves processes that support bags departing from their original location, arriving at the destination, and where applicable, arriving and departing at a station to transfer from one vehicle to another e.g. when a bag transfers from one flight to another. Often bags are moved in a baggage cart, or in a baggage ULD.
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Airports usually are busy places so utilization of resource is an important consideration. Handlers may share baggage flow information amongst one another on condition it does not impact Personal Data or Commercial confidentiality
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Figure 1 perspective of bag
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ULD typically is packed in make-up area, loaded/flown/unloaded and then merged into terminal infrastructure. In exceptional cases a baggage ULD may arrive at Transfer Station, be handed over, and depart from Transfer Station (hub-container).
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The Baggage Processes at an Airport can be grouped along two axes: outbound or inbound transportation, and interaction with owner (passenger/crew).
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Originating or Local joining baggage (acquired into airline custody from Passenger or Crew, loaded into a departing aircraft)
Terminating baggage (unloaded from an arriving aircraft and returned from airline custody to Passenger or Crew)
Arriving transfer baggage (unloaded from an arriving aircraft and delivered into airline custody of next interline airline in transfer)
Departing transfer baggage (acquired into custody from delivering interline airline and loaded into departing aircraft)
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In another perspective bag, baggage cart or baggage ULD can be followed in its journey
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Is Packed with bags in make-up area
Is Merged into other cart/container/injection point
Is Loaded into an aircraft
Is Unloaded from an aircraft
May be Screened on departure or Inspected on arrival in case of “hub container”
May be unloaded at a transfer injection point for resortation
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Within the perspectives of Main Baggage Process and Baggage Journey one may distinguish tasks performed on a bag, a cart or an ULD as identified through the framework of logistics and conformance functions (see list of tasks in chapter 7 for details on recommended values; the messaging standard allows for customization here)
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The Originating Departures use case comprises of two primary actors, the Airline and the Passenger. The Airline delegates physical rendering to handling parties
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Handle Originating Departing Bag | |
Use Case Description | A bag is acquired from a Passenger, subject to baggage handling policies and regulations, screened according to regulatory requirements, sorted into appropriate batch(es) and loaded onto an outbound aircraft. |
Actors (Goal) | A departing bag is securely loaded onto an outbound aircraft. |
Performance Goals | A departing bag is securely loaded onto the assigned aircraft within an agreed target time duration and reconciled with the Baggage manifest. |
Pre-conditions | Passenger arrives at Check-In or Bag Drop. |
Post conditions | The departing bag has been loaded onto the assigned aircraft and reconciled with the Baggage manifest. |
Handle Departing Cart | |
Use Case Description | A cart is acquired from pool and assigned a segregation as per destination requirements, packed with bags of that segregation, moved to aircraft stand and contents are merged onto an outbound aircraft. |
Actors (Goal) | A cart securely moves bags from terminal to outbound aircraft. |
Performance Goals | A cart delivers its bags within an agreed target time duration and may be reconciled with its planning. |
Pre-conditions | Cart is available in make-up area |
Post conditions | Cart contents are securely delivered to assigned aircraft |
Handle Originating Departing ULD | |
Use Case Description | A ULD is acquired from pool and assigned a segregation as per destination requirements, packed with bags of that segregation, moved to aircraft stand and is loaded onto an outbound aircraft. |
Actors (Goal) | A ULD securely moves bags from terminal onto outbound aircraft. |
Performance Goals | A departing ULD is securely loaded onto the assigned aircraft within an agreed target time duration and reconciled with the Baggage manifest. |
Pre-conditions | ULD is available in make-up area |
Post conditions | The departing ULD has been loaded onto the assigned aircraft and reconciled with the Baggage manifest. |
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The Arriving Transfer use case comprises of two primary actors, the Airline and the Customs Authority. The Airline delegates physical rendering to handling parties
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Handle Arriving Transfer Bag | |
Use Case Description | A bag is offloaded from an arriving aircraft and delivered to interline partner airline |
Actors (Goal) | A transferring bag is securely delivered to next custodian airline |
Performance Goals | A transferring bag is securely delivered to next custodian airline within an agreed target time duration |
Pre conditions | Aircraft arrives at stand. |
Post conditions | The transferring bag has been delivered to next custodian airline. |
Handle Arriving Cart | |
Use Case Description | A cart is acquired from pool and assigned a segregation as per local requirements, packed with unloaded bags of that segregation, moved to terminal and contents are merged onto terminal infrastructure. |
Actors (Goal) | A cart securely moves bags from inbound aircraft to terminal. |
Performance Goals | A cart delivers its bags within an agreed target time duration and may be reconciled with its planning. |
Pre-conditions | Cart is available at aircraft stand |
Post conditions | Cart contents are securely delivered to terminal according to segregation |
Handle Arriving Transfer ULD | |
Use Case Description | A ULD is offloaded from an arriving aircraft and delivered to interline partner airline |
Actors (Goal) | A transferring ULD is securely delivered to next custodian airline |
Performance Goals | A transferring ULD is securely delivered to next custodian airline within an agreed target time duration |
Pre-conditions | Aircraft arrives at stand. |
Post conditions | The transferring ULD has been delivered to next custodian airline. |
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The Departing Transfers use case comprises of a single primary actor, the Airline. The Airline delegates physical rendering to handling parties
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Handle Departing Transfer Bag | |
Use Case Description | A bag is acquired into custody from interline partner and loaded onto an outbound aircraft. |
Actors (Goal) | A departing transfer bag is securely loaded onto the outbound aircraft. |
Performance Goals | A departing transfer bag is securely loaded onto the assigned aircraft within an agreed target time duration and reconciled with the Baggage manifest. |
Pre conditions | Bag is delivered by inbound carrier. |
Post conditions | The transferring bag has been loaded onto the assigned aircraft and reconciled with the Baggage manifest. |
Handle Departing Cart | See under Originating Departure |
Handle Departing Transfer ULD | |
Use Case Description | A ULD is acquired into custody from interline partner and loaded onto an outbound aircraft. |
Actors (Goal) | A departing transfer ULD is securely loaded onto the outbound aircraft. |
Performance Goals | A departing transfer ULD is securely loaded onto the assigned aircraft within an agreed target time duration and reconciled with the Baggage manifest. |
Pre-conditions | ULD is delivered by inbound carrier. |
Post conditions | The transferring ULD has been loaded onto the assigned aircraft and reconciled with the Baggage manifest. |
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The Terminating use case comprises of four (4) primary actors who in this instance are the Airport Operator, Airline Operator, Regulatory Authority and the Passenger.
At terminating bag is a bag arriving at the final point in the journey, when it is delivered back to the Passenger. This typically occurs at the Baggage Reclaim carousel at the destination Airport, but increasingly occurs at other locations as required by the Passenger, such as a hotel.
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Handle Terminating Bag | |
Use Case Description | An Airline operator or its agent offloads a terminating bag from an arriving aircraft and delivers it securely back to the Passenger or Crew |
Actors (Goal) | A terminating bag is securely returned to the Passenger or Crew |
Performance Goals | A terminating bag is securely delivered to the assigned reclaim area (which may be off-Airport) within an agreed target time duration |
Pre-conditions | Aircraft arrives at stand |
Post conditions | The terminating bag has been reclaimed by the Passenger and custody is terminated |
Handle Arriving Cart | See under Arriving Transfer |
Handle Terminating ULD | |
Use Case Description | An Airline operator or its agent offloads a terminating ULD from an arriving aircraft and delivers it securely to terminal infra structure. From here individual bags are moved as required |
Actors (Goal) | A terminating ULD is securely delivered into terminal infrastructure |
Performance Goals | A terminating ULD is securely delivered to the assigned injection point within an agreed target time duration |
Pre-conditions | Aircraft arrives at stand |
Post conditions | The terminating ULD has been merged into terminal infrastructure |
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Following best practices in logistics, we decompose logistics activity in tasks(atomic actions2). Any logistics activity can be described as a sequence of these tasks.
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Task | Description |
Movement | grouping of activities to perform the physical movement of baggage items |
Acquire | Obtains or receives a baggage item for the purpose of movement |
Receipt | Issue a receipt in exchange for taking a bag in custody (special case of acquire from owner) |
Claim | Claim a bag (may be justified with a receipt) out of custody (special case of acquire by owner -passenger or crew member-) |
Deliver | Delivers a baggage item |
Route | Sends or directs a baggage item along a specified course to its delivery location (Ground Transportation per RP1745-A5) |
Track | Report that a baggage item is seen at particular place and time without need to launch a particular task |
Package | grouping of activities to sort or segregate and make segregation persistent |
Put Away | Places a (early) baggage item in a particular storage position or cold area |
Withdraw | Retrieves a baggage item from a particular storage position |
Pack | Pack a bag into a cart or ULD |
Build | Receive bags into a cart or ULD |
Unpack | Take a bag from a cart or ULD |
Load | grouping of activities to load or unload into aircraft hold |
Load | Move a bag or ULD into loading area of (a transport vehicle, ship, aircraft, , etc.) Example: load a bag into designated aircraft hold compartment (Load per RP1745-A5) |
Unload | Take-out a bag or ULD from loading area of (transport vehicle, ship, aircraft, , etc.) Example: unloading a bag from an aircraft hold (Unload per RP1745-A5) |
Merge | Loads contents of a baggage cart into aircraft or other cart/ULD without notice of individual bags (Merge per RP1745-A5) |
Security | grouping of activities to protect against threats; make safe |
Open | Opening a baggage cart or ULD so bags can be added or removed |
Close | Closing access into a baggage cart ULD so bag content is secured |
Seal | Sealing a ULD so bag content is tamper-proof for unauthorized access |
Verify | Makes sure or demonstrates that a baggage item meets a certain condition Example: bag does not exceed maximum dimensions for automated sorter, ULD seal is unbroken |
Screen | Screens a baggage item for Aviation Security risks (Screen per RP1745-A5) |
Inspect | Inspects a bag for Customs concerns |
Reconcile | Makes or shows a baggage item actual location/position is consistent with planned location/position Example: a loaded bag has positive authorization to load |
Remove | Take a baggage item away from the logistics process Example: A bag in hold fails to reconcile and is removed (offloaded) from regular process Customs claims a ULD for inspection, handler removes the ULD from regular process and rejects to Customs (Offload per RP1745-A5) |
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Movement | grouping of activities to perform the physical movement of baggage items |
Acquire | Obtains or receives a baggage item for the purpose of movement |
Receipt | Issue a receipt in exchange for taking a bag in custody (special case of acquire from owner) |
Claim | Claim a bag (may be justified with a receipt) out of custody (special case of acquire by owner -passenger or crew member-) |
Deliver | Delivers a baggage item |
Route | Sends or directs a baggage item along a specified course to its delivery location (Ground Transportation per RP1745-A5) |
Track | Report that a baggage item is seen at particular place and time without need to launch a particular task |
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Movement is about acquiring, routing, tracking and delivering a baggage item
Acquire, Receipt, Claim
Acquisition is the function of obtaining a baggage item from another party or facility. Bag Acquisition typically occurs at interface points, for example
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A special case of acquire is change of custody as defined in IATA Resolution 753. Acquisition from and delivery to the bag owner is a custody change, as well as a delivery/acquisition between two interlining airlines in the bag journey. Acquisition for owner may include the issue or activation of a receipt. Acquisition by owner may require the presentation of such a receipt (a Claim)
Delivery
Delivery is the physical function of delivering a baggage item to a party or a facility by another party or facility. For example, a baggage ULD is delivered to Ramp from Make-Up area. In a home pickup, a courier will typically deliver the bag to a collection point, from which the bag will be directed to a flight. In the BHS, the bag is typically delivered to a sorter output point:
Transfer output point
Out of Gauge (non conveyable item) output point
Make-up output point
Designated courier collection point
Route
Routing is the function of routing a baggage item along a specified course (typically within an Airport Baggage Handling System, or over the Platform, but increasingly via other routes). Baggage items may be routed ‘tail to tail’ at an Airport, or by trucking for home-collect/hotel-delivery over a shorter distance flight.
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This routing behavior may be repeated at each decision point (i.e. whenever the baggage item has a choice of direction to take). If there is a modification to the baggage item details or in the availability of the resources assigned to it, the route would be recalculated to take into account the new details.
Track
Tracking is function to record the physical location of a baggage item and its tracking state. Baggage Tracking events can be observed as often as the handling party requires. Parties responsible for the handling of the baggage can specify as many tracking points as they require, based on cost effectiveness. A high number of tracking events provides more observations of the baggage and gives better visibility of the route of the baggage.
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There are a number of basic functions that apply to the storage of bags as described below.
PutAway
The PutAway Function is typically executed when a bag enters an input point of a bag store, or a baggage cart/ULD is diverted to cold area.
Withdraw
A Bag Withdraw function is typically executed when a bag exits a bag store (a counterpart of Bag Receipt function).
Pack
Pack is a function of packing a bag into a baggage cart or ULD to persist segregation of bags and prepare for movement to aircraft.
Segregation prepares for efficient handling at destination. Criteria include final destination in case of multiple leg flights, transfer bags at destination, bags with an exception code, terminating, cold, hot and tail to tail bags.
Build
Pack is a function of building up a baggage cart or ULD to persist segregation of bags and prepare for movement to aircraft or injection
Unpack
Unpack is a function of unpacking a bag from a baggage cart or ULD.
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Load | grouping of activities to load or unload into aircraft hold |
Load | Move a bag or ULD into loading area of (a transport vehicle, ship, aircraft, , etc.) Example: load a bag into designated aircraft hold compartment (Load per RP1745-A5) |
Unload | Take-out a bag or ULD from loading area of (transport vehicle, ship, aircraft, , etc.) Example: unloading a bag from an aircraft hold (Unload per RP1745-A5) |
Merge | Loads contents of a baggage cart into aircraft or other cart/ULD without notice of individual bags (Merge per RP1745-A5) |
Load
Loading is the function of physically placing a bag or UL into an aircraft hold (loose or containerized load)
Unload
Unload is the function of unloading a bag or ULD from aircraft hold.
Merge
Unload is the function of transferring all bags from a cart into aircraft hold or different cart/ULD.
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Security | grouping of activities to protect against threats; make safe |
Open | Opening a baggage cart or ULD so bags can be added or removed |
Close | Closing access into a baggage cart ULD so bag content is secured |
Seal | Sealing a ULD so bag content is tamper-proof for unauthorized access |
Verify | Makes sure or demonstrates that a baggage item meets a certain condition Example: bag does not exceed maximum dimensions for automated sorter, ULD seal is unbroken |
Screen | Screens a baggage item for Aviation Security risks (Screen per RP1745-A5) |
Inspect | Inspects a bag for Customs concerns |
Reconcile | Makes or shows a baggage item actual location/position is consistent with planned location/position Example: a loaded bag has positive authorization to load |
Remove | Take a baggage item away from the logistics process Example: A bag in hold fails to reconcile and is removed (offloaded) from regular process Customs claims a ULD for inspection, handler removes the ULD from regular process and rejects to Customs (Offload per RP1745-A5) |
Open
Opening is the function that makes a cart or ULD available for packaging, typically in the make-up or build area or aircraft parking position.
Close
Closing is the function that ends availability of a cart or ULD for packaging, typically in the make-up or build area or aircraft parking position.
Seal
Sealing is the function that secures content of ULD to unauthorized tampering.
Verify
Verification is the function that checks the baggage item against relevant policies e.g. to ensure that the weight and physical dimensions are within the constraints specified by the Baggage Handler (such as Airline, Airport, Courier). The function records that the weight and physical dimensions (e.g. length, width and height) of the baggage item have been checked against the baggage input statement. The content could be passed between organisations to exchange features of the baggage item that can be used to identify it, such as weight, size, colour.
Screen
The Screening function records the outcome of a screening decision for a baggage item. The BHS typically consists of a Hold Baggage Screening (HBS) system which is capable of sending the HBS results to the BHS. This information can be used by the BHS for information purposes or as part of its Bag qualification process.
Inspect
Customs Inspection is acknowledged as step in baggage journey, but outside mandate of airline to perform. The Inspect function is place holder for possible future development
Reconcile
Reconciliation is the function that reconciles a baggage item actual location/position against plan and authorizations. This information is required and held as part of regulatory processes.
Remove
Removal is the function that takes a baggage item away or off from the position occupied. As an example, this could be the role assigned to a Baggage Handler for performing the task of removing a bag as a result of it being non-reconcilable with a Passenger inventory (e.g. at Aircraft Stand when a Passenger fails to board the flight.)
A Removal event is an exceptional event (as opposed to Unload), in response to a request from Airline to have the bag removed from the process.
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Three gestures are distinguished in baggage messaging as reflection of communication patterns between parties
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